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This chapter examines the application of copyright law to video streaming in the US and the EU. Since the Berne Convention and the WIPO Copyright Treaty established international norms that national laws need to follow, the relevant provisions of these two international instruments are used as the archetype; US and EU laws’ compatibility with them is examined here. This chapter demonstrates that through the communication to the public right, or its equivalent, copyright law adequately protects authors against the three existing types of video streaming: webcasting, on-demand streaming and internet retransmission of broadcasts. It argues that in the context of video streaming, the exclusive nature of the communication to the public right must be preserved. Therefore, this chapter maintains that any national law that recognises a compulsory licence mechanism to cover this new technology, or adopts the service zone theory to exempt certain types of video streaming from copyright liability, may run the risk of being in breach of its international obligations.

"Computer, Internet and Electronic Commerce Terms: Judicial, Legislative and Technical Definitions, 2022 has both technical and legal definitions of terms commonly used in association with the industry. It has an international scope, drawing definitions from Canadian, U.S., U.K. and European cases, statutes, regulations, acts, and other authoritative sources. Often multiple definitions for the same terms are provided based on the case law or usage in different jurisdictions for different purposes. Drawn from the glossary in the author's looseleaf work, Sookman: Computer, Internet and Electronic Commerce Law." --publisher's description

Perceptions of and experiences with police and the justice system among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada: Highlights * The Black population and Indigenous people (First Nations people, Métis, and Inuit) living in Canada have distinct histories, backgrounds, geographic distributions, and current conditions and situations. While these groups are distinct, their perceptions and experiences are explored in this article to highlight similarities and differences relative to the population who is neither Indigenous nor a member of a population group designated as visible minority. * According to the 2020 General Social Survey (GSS) on Social Identity, one in five Black (21%) and Indigenous (22%) people have little or no confidence in police, double the proportion among those who were neither Indigenous nor a visible minority (11 %). * Based on data from the 2019 GSS on Canadians' Safety (Victimization), Black and Indigenous people are more likely to rate police performance poorly. Perceptions of and experiences with police and the justice system among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada by Adam Cotter, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada Act 1982) states that all individuals in Canada are equal before and under the law, and that all should be afforded equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination. [...]over 200 different ethnic or cultural origins were cited by those who self-identified as Black in the 2016 Census of population, with the 10 most frequent being Jamaican, Other African,3 Haitian, Canadian, English, Somali, Nigerian, French, Ethiopian and Scottish (Statistics Canada 2019).

In Canada, there are persistent allegations and some empirical evidence suggesting racialized police bias; certain (non-White) groups appear to face over-enforcement as criminal suspects and under-enforcement as victims. Yet, it is challenging to prove or disprove these claims. Unlike other countries, where governments routinely publish police-reported crime and criminal court data identifying the race/ethnicity of criminal suspects and victims, Canada maintains a ban on the publication of such data. In this article, using an intersectional and critical analysis, we examine 127 prosecuted (predominantly domestic sex) trafficking cases and explore related claims of racial and gender bias together with sensationalism in the enforcement of Canadian anti-trafficking in persons laws. Our findings align with other empirical research observing the racially selective identification and prosecution of sex trafficking cases through a heteronormative and gender binary lens. Whether real or perceived, racial—alongside gender, sexuality, economic, citizenship, and occupational—bias has significant adverse consequences for the equality, liberty, security, mobility, labour, and access to justice rights of the Indigenous, Black, Arab/Muslim and other racialized communities being policed. Our data reveal a clear and pressing need to publish race-disaggregated crime and criminal court data and to challenge deeply ingrained stereotypes using various means., RésuméAu Canada, il y a des allégations persistantes et des preuves empiriques suggérant des préjugés racistes de la part de la police; certains groupes (non blancs) semblent être confrontés à une application excessive de la loi comme suspects et à une application insuffisante comme victimes. Pourtant, il est difficile de prouver ou de réfuter ces allégations. Contrairement à d’autres pays, où les gouvernements publient régulièrement les données de la police et des tribunaux pénaux identifiant la race/ethnicité des suspects et des victimes, le Canada maintient une interdiction de publication de ces données. Dans cet article, à l’aide d’une analyse intersectionnelle et critique, nous examinons 127 cas de trafic (principalement le trafic sexuel en territoire national) ayant fait l’objet de poursuites judiciaires et explorons les allégations connexes de préjugés raciaux et sexuels, ainsi que le sensationnalisme dans l’application des lois canadiennes contre la traite des personnes. Nos conclusions s’alignent sur d’autres recherches empiriques observant l’identification et la poursuite raciales sélectives des cas de trafic sexuel à travers une lentille binaire hétéronormative et sexospécifique. Qu’elle soit réelle ou perçue comme telle, la race – à côté du sexe, de la sexualité, de l’économie, de la citoyenneté et des préjugés professionnels – a des conséquences négatives importantes sur l’égalité, la liberté, la sécurité, la mobilité, le travail et les droits d’accès à la justice des communautés autochtones, noires, arabes/musulmanes et autres communautés racialisées qui sont contrôlées par la police. Nos données révèlent un besoin clair et urgent de publier des données sur la criminalité et les tribunaux pénaux ventilées par race et de remettre en question des stéréotypes profondément ancrés.

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Historically, homosexuality and prostitution were both branded immoral vices that required criminalization, despite the fact that they were also considered ‘victimless crimes.’ Yet, in contemporary Canadian society, gays and lesbians have gained wide social acceptance and legal rights, while the sex trade has become more criminalized, stigmatized, and, for clients or third parties, vilified. This article explores the reasons for this divergence. First, drawing on radical queer critique, I problematize this framing, arguing that the equality and rights-based victories for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans community did not necessarily benefit all of its members. Building on this insight, I argue that those queers who are unable or uninterested in accessing the benefits ushered in by ‘gay rights’ have identities, proclivities, and vulnerabilities that overlap with those of sex workers and/or their clients. Part I of the article sets the socio-legal and political context, providing succinct overviews of key developments relating to gay and lesbian rights and of key developments relating to sex trade regulation, focusing primarily on the last fifty years. Part II analyses how gay/lesbian mainstream acceptance and the queer/sex trade marginalization occurred through overlapping discourses and laws related to privacy, bawdy houses/indecency, disease, spousal/marital relations, and children. I end with a consideration of the intersectionality between queerness and the sex trade, both in terms of subjectivities and non-normative sexual practices.

"First published in 1945, Glanville Williams: Learning the Law has been introducing students to the foundation skills needed to study law effectively for over 70 years. Now in its 17th edition, it is still the must-have book for every student embarking upon a law degree. [This book] introduces students to the basic legal materials such as statutes and case law, and explains how these are to be read and interpreted in the light of common law doctrines of precedent. [It] explains how legal problems are to be solved and discussed in the examination room [and] offers advice on study methods, exam preparation, time and stress management. [It] discusses the methods of legal research, and explains where to look for the law, both on paper and electronically [and] covers participation in moots, mock trials and other competitions. [It] discusses employment prospects and gives advice on seeking and obtaining work [and] provides recommendations for further reading within and outside the law." --publisher's description.