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Variability in the blood–breath ratio (BBR) of alcohol is important, because it relates a measurement of the blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) with the co-existing breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC). The BBR is also used to establish the statutory BrAC limit for driving from the existing statutory BAC limits in different countries. The in-vivo BBR depends on a host of analytical, sampling and physiological factors, including subject demographics, time after end of drinking (rising or falling BAC), the nature of the blood draw (whether venous or arterial) and the subject’s breathing pattern prior to exhalation into the breath analyzer. The results from a controlled drinking study involving healthy volunteers (85 men and 15 women) from three ethnic groups (Caucasians, Hispanics and African Americans) were used to evaluate various factors influencing the BBR. Ethanol in breath was determined with a quantitative infrared analyzer (Intoxilyzer 8000) and BAC was determined by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). The BAC and BrAC were highly correlated (r = 0.948) and the BBR in the post-absorptive state was 2 382 ± 119 (mean ± SD). The BBR did not depend on gender (female: 2 396 ± 101 and male: 2 380 ± 123, P > 0.05) nor on racial group (Caucasians 2 398 ± 124, African Americans 2 344 ± 119 and Hispanics 2 364 ± 104, P > 0.05). The BBR was lower in subjects with higher breath- and body-temperatures (P < 0.05) and it also decreased with longer exhalation times into the breath-analyzer (P < 0.001). In the post-absorptive state, none of the 100 subjects had a BBR of less than 2 100:1.
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"Combining socio-legal and ethnohistorical studies, this book presents the history of doodem, or clan identification markings, left by Anishinaabe on treaties and other legal documents from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries. These doodems reflected fundamental principles behind Anishinaabe governance that were often ignored by Europeans, who referred to Indigenous polities in terms of tribe, nation, band, or village - classifications that failed to fully encompass longstanding cultural traditions of political authority within Anishinaabe society. Making creative use of natural history, treaty pictographs, and the Ojibwe language as an analytical tool, Doodem and Council Fire delivers groundbreaking insights into Anishinaabe law. The author asks not only what these doodem markings indicate, but what they may also reveal through their exclusions. The book also outlines the continuities, changes, and innovations in Anishinaabe governance through the concept of council fires and the alliances between them. Original and path-breaking, Doodem and Council Fire offers a fresh approach to Indigenous history, presenting a new interpretation grounded in a deep understanding of the nuances and distinctiveness of Anishinaabe culture and Indigenous traditions."-- Provided by publisher.
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"The fifth edition contains more than 5,450 new and revised entries, including 1,660 new definitions in Aboriginal, environmental, family, insurance, intellectual property, internet/computer, medio-legal, and dozens of other areas of law. The result is this indispensable Canadian legal dictionary that provides judges, lawyers, law students, professors, researchers, and business people with a distinct, one-stop reference to Canadian definitions." --Publisher's description.
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« L'ouvrage a pour objectif de présenter le droit des biens de manière succincte. Les différents types de rapports susceptibles d'être exercés par les personnes sur les biens y sont décrits. L'exposé insiste sur l'explication des notions fondamentales et sur la présentation des régimes juridiques auxquels sont assujetties les diverses institutions du droit positif québécois. Après les premiers chapitres consacrés aux notions de patrimoine, de droits réels et de droits personnels, de choses et de biens, le manuel traite de la propriété, de ses modalités (copropriété et propriété superficiaire) et de ses démembrements (usufruit et usage, emphytéose, servitudes, démembrements innommés). Il décrit ensuite le régime de la publicité foncière, puis s'arrête à l'étude des rapports de fait en droit des biens (possession et prescription acquisitive). La notion de patrimoine d'affectation est illustrée par la fiducie. Les règles régissant l'administration du bien d'autrui sont énoncées. Finalement, le régime particulier applicable au domaine public est présenté. Sylvio Normand est professeur à la Faculté de droit de l'Université Laval, où il enseigne le droit civil et l'histoire du droit. »--Quatrième de couverture
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Drawing on Rachel Dioso-Villa''s repository of wrongful convictions published in this issue, this article examines known cases of wrongful convictions of Indigenous persons in Australia and Canada. It finds that Indigenous people are over-represented among the wrongfully convicted in relation to their representation in the population in both Australia and Canada. At the same time, there are likely many undiscovered wrongful convictions of Indigenous persons especially when the over-representation of Indigenous men and women in prison is considered. A factor in this likely under-representation of Indigenous people among remedied wrongful convictions may be the incentives that accused, especially Indigenous women, face to plead guilty even if they are not guilty. This finding underlines some of the dangers of limiting wrongful convictions to cases of proven factual innocence and not including among the wrongfully convicted those who may have valid defences such as self-defence.
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