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The current study examined the rate and psychiatric correlates of sexual abuse involving the use of digital technologies by the offender in a wide sample of juvenile victims. Sociodemographic, abuse, and psychiatric characteristics of 662 sexually abused children and adolescents were evaluated. Of these, 93 reported that digital devices were used by the offender in several ways to facilitate the sexual abuse. The offender–victim relationship was initiated through the Internet in 39 victims. Involvement of digital technologies in sexual abuse was significantly associated with penetrative and recurrent form of sexual abuse commited by multiple offenders with coexisting violence. Additionally, victims of sexual abuse with a digital component were 4.21 times more likely to develop any psychopathology, 3.77 times more likely to have depression, and 2.14 times more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of sexual abuse. These results indicated that the offender's use of digital technology may aid the initiation and facilitaion of the sexual abuse of youths and may relate to more severe outcomes. This study revealed the importance of raising the awareness of professionals and the community about the potential risks associated with digital technologies and sexual abuse. Mental health professionals should consider this additional form of victimization, especially when dealing with sexual abuse victims.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test a model predicting the contribution of abuse-related characteristics and mediating variables such as coping and attributional style in the development of psychological sequelae in adults reporting a history of child sexual abuse (CSA). Methodology: Two hundred and eighty-five males and females from three settings (a nonpatient, psychiatric outpatient, and psychiatric inpatient) completed a battery of questionnaires that included a (1) Sexual History Questionnaire, (2) Ways of Coping Questionnaire, (3) Attributional Style Questionnaire, and (4) the SCL-90-R. Results: Of the 285 participants, 33% reported unwanted or forced sexual contact before the age of 18 years. Participants who reported a history of CSA also reported higher levels of psychological distress when compared to those who did not report a history of abuse. In testing the model concerning the relationship between victim-offender characteristics, mediating variables and psychological distress in adulthood; two abuse-related characteristics (number of offenders and duration of abuse) were found to be directly associated with psychological distress in adulthood. Other abuse-related variables (i.e., relation with offender, force, resistance, age of onset, participation, and frequency of abuse) were found to be related to psychological distress in adulthood through the mediation of various coping strategies (i.e., Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping) and attributions (i.e., internalization of the abuse). Conclusions: The results of the present study further our understanding regarding the relationship between abuse-related characteristics, mediating factors such as coping and attributional style and psychological distress in adults with a history of CSA. Future research should focus on the development of interventions that focus on variables amenable to psychotherapy to ameliorate the psychological sequelae of CSA. Résumé Objectif: Le but de cette étude fut de tester un modèle qui pourra prédire certains qui contribuent à des séquelles psychologiques chez des adultes ayant vécu des agressions sexuelles en enfance, ces facteurs étant: certaines caractéristiques de la maltraitance et des variables telles que la capacité de faire face aux difficultés de la vie et la façon dont l’individu attribue la responsabilité pour des événements qui lui arrivent. Méthode: Deux cent quatre-vingt cinq hommes et femmes ont complété un ensemble de questionnaires y compris (1) le Sexual History Questionnaire, (2) le Ways of Coping Questionnaire, (3) le Attributional Style Questionnaire et (4) le SCL-90-R. Il y avait trois types de participants: des non patients, des patients d’un service externe de psychiatrie et d’un service interne de psychiatrie. Résultats: Parmi les 285 participants, 33% rapportent avoir été l’objet de contacts sexuels non voulus ou forcés avant l’âge de 18 ans. Ils rapportent vivre une détresse psychologique plus élevée que les participants non victimes. En testant le modèle, lequel porte sur (1) le lien entre les caractéristiques de la victime et de l’agresseur, (2) les variables qui affectent l’expérience et (3) la détresse psychologique en âge adulte, on a noté que deux facteurs de maltraitance (le nombre d’agresseurs et la durée des agressions) s’associaient directement à la détresse en âge adulte. D’autres variables (soit la relation entre la victime et l’agresseur, le recours à la force, la résistance, l’âge de la victime au moment de la première agression, la participation de la victime et la fréquence des agressions) sont reliées à la détresse psychologique; et certaines stratégies pour faire face aux difficultés (accepter une part de la responsabilité, la confrontation) et des modes d’attribution (soit l’intériorisation de la maltraitance) agissent en tant qu’agent médiateur. Conclusions: Les résultats de cette étude ont amélioré nos connaissances sur la relation entre les caractéristiques de l’agression, les facteurs médiateurs (tels que la façon de faire face aux difficultés et la façon d’attribuer la responsabilité), et la détresse psychologique en âge adulte chez des sujets victimes d’agressions sexuelles en enfance. De nouvelles recherches devront tenter d’élaborer des interventions qui ciblent les variables aptes à profiter de la psychothérapie, afin d’alléger les séquelles psychologiques des agressions sexuelles. Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar un modelo que predice la contribución de las caracterı́sticas relacionadas con el abuso y de variables mediadoras como el coping y el estilo atribucional en el desarrollo de las secuelas psicológicas en adultos que notifican una historia de abuso sexual infantil. Metodologı́a: Un total de 285 varones y mujeres pertenecientes a tres contextos diferentes (pacientes internos psiquiátricos, pacientes externos psiquiátricos y no pacientes) completaron una baterı́a de cuestionarios que incluyó (1) el Cuestionario de Historia Sexual, (2) el Cuestionario de Formas de Coping, (3) el Cuestionario de Estilo Atribucional y (4) el SCL-90-R. Resultados: De los 285 participantes, un 33% notificaron un contacto sexual no deseado o forzado antes de los 18 años. Los participantes que notificaron una historia de abuso sexual infantil también notificaron elevados niveles de malestar psicológico cuando fueron comparados con aquellos que no notificaron una historia de abuso sexual. En relación con la evaluación del modelo presentado, se observó que dos caracterı́sticas relacionadas con el abuso (número de ofensores y duración del abuso) estaban directamente asociadas con malestar psicológico en la edad adulta. Otras variables relacionadas con el abuso (relación con el agresor, uso de la fuerza fı́sica, resistencia, edad de aparición, participación y frecuencia del abuso) estaban relacionadas con el malestar psicológico en la edad adulta a través de la mediación de varias estrategias de “coping” (p.e., aceptación de la responsabilidad, “coping” de confrontación) y atribuciones (p.e., internalización del abuso). Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio ayudan a avanzar en la comprensión de la relación entre las caracterı́sticas del abuso, los factores mediadores como el “coping” y el estilo atribucional, y el malestar psicológico en adultos con historia de abuso sexual infantil. La investigación futura se debe centrar en el desarrollo de intervenciones que se focalicen en las variables susceptibles de adecuación a la psicoterapia para la mejora de las secuelas psicológicas del abuso sexual infantil.

Is sexual assault: (1) sexual abuse; (2) a sexual affair; (3) a youthful indiscretion; (4) a deviance; or (5) none of the above? It is not always easy to navigate the issue of sexual violence. In a society marked by rape culture, unconscious biases can lead us to euphemize, romanticize, eroticize, excuse, and even encourage sexual violence. This article offers a linguistic perspective on sexual violence by examining the biases, stereotypes, and myths about rape that permeate legal discourse. We discuss terms that trivialize sexual violence, such as “sexual abuse,” “stealing a kiss,” “fondling,” and “misconduct.” We also analyze victim-blaming language, sexist expressions that betray a view of rape as a “loss of control,” the unseen presence of violent men, and the shifting nature and pathologizing of perpetrators. By examining rape culture specifically from the perspective of language or discourse, we provide lawyers with new tools to advance the fight against violence towards women.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Article 3136 C.c.Q. is a departure from the general rules of jurisdiction applicable to a Quebec authority. Based on the principle of necessity and in the absence of an appropriate forum, it authorizes an authority to exercise jurisdiction in relation to a matter not subject to its direct jurisdiction when it is impossible or unreasonable for the parties to access a foreign authority and when the litigation has a sufficient connection with Quebec. Article 3136 thus confers a discretionary jurisdiction on a Quebec authority. This discretion is limited by the definitional elements expressed in article 3136 and has been further narrowed by an inappropriate interpretation by the Court of Appeal in Lamborghini. The critical factor is that necessity jurisdiction implies that the litigation is subject to an effective remedy in the Quebec forum. Availability of an effective remedy renders reasonable the exercise of necessity jurisdiction and the requirement that foreign litigation be instituted, unreasonable. However, the factor of remedy is ignored, or without expression, in both doctrine and jurisprudence. Supported by a comparative approach between the civil law and the common law, the first part presents a general analysis of this exceptional rule with particular attention to the Swiss law which inspired the drafters of article 3136. In the second part, article 3136 is considered in context with the general provisions of the Code and the legislative history of the provision is clarified. The third part analyzes the definitional elements of the article and the last part examines its application as reflected in the relevant jurisprudence.

This article reviews the methods, rules and sources of interpretation relating to Quebec Civil Law. While the Civil Law utilizes many generally accepted interpretive methods and directives, it does so idiosyncratically. These distinctive applications, both methodological and fundamental, derive not only from the nature of the Civil Law itself but also from the process of codification. The writer insists that one should not lose sight of this fact when interpreting the new Civil Code.

The Preliminary Provision of the Civil Code of Québec refers to the concept of jus commune. Yet to just which jus commune is it referring ? The author reviews the historic multiplicity of jura communia in Europe, including the jus commune, the common law and the general law of France. The latter has become transnational in character with the French Civil Code as an important contemporary element, but also including the general principles of law. As such, the Civil code should thus take its place within the framework of a much broader transnational legal tradition.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

This article traces the evolution of the Canadian approach to privateinternational law from Morguard Investments Ltd. v. De Savoye to Castillo v. Castillo and identifiesfour major flaws that have significant implications for both privateinternational law and Canadian federalism: (1) ambiguous and inconsistentterminology that undermines the conceptual foundation of this approach whileobscuring its potential impact; (2) the Court’s use of American conflict oflaws jurisprudence to reinforce a deferential orientation in Canadianprivate international law; (3) the Court’s vision of the international orderand understanding of public international law, which has begun to affect theCanadian federal system; and (4) the model of the Canadian Constitutionemployed in these cases, which may have broad negative consequences forprovincial interests. The article argues that these flaws are remediable,that both constitutional text and recent opinions contain resources usefulto this end, and that, however the Court decides to address these problems,subsequent iterations of the Canadian approach to private international lawshould emphasize clarity, consistency, and comprehensiveness., Sommaire Cet article trace l’évolution de l’approche canadienne au droitinternational privé à partir de Morguard Investments Ltd. c. De Savoye jusqu’à Castillo v. Castillo. Il cernequatre défauts majeurs qui ont des conséquences significatifs tant pour ledroit international privé que pour le fédéralisme canadien, dont: (1)l’emploi d’une terminologie ambiguë et contradictoire qui mine lesfondements conceptuels de cette approche tout en déguisant son impactpotentiel; (2) l’utilisation par la Cour de la jurisprudence américaine enmatière de droit international privé pour justifier une orientationdéférentielle en droit international privé canadien; (3) la vision de laCour de l’ordre international et sa compréhension du droit internationalpublic, qui ont des effets sur le système fédéral canadien; et (4) le modèlede la constitution canadienne révélée dans ces cas, qui pourrait avoir desérieux effets négatifs sur les intérêts provinciaux. L’article affirme queces défauts peuvent être rémédiés, que les textes constitutionnels et desopinions récentes révèlent des ressources utiles à cette fin, et que, peuimporte la façon dont la Cour s’y prend pour adresser ces problèmes,l’approche future du Canada au droit international privé doit avant toutêtre claire, uniforme et compréhensive.

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Because of its structuring function, private international law tends to be given a status distinct from the ordinary rules of domestic law. In a federal system, private international law of necessity implicates some aspects of the constitution. In a series of cases beginning in 1990 the Supreme Court of Canada has engaged in a striking reorientation of Canadian private international law, premised on a newly articulated relationship between private international law and the Canadian constitutional system. This constitutional dimension has been coupled with an enhanced notion of comity. The new dynamic has meant that changes in private international law that were initially prompted by constitutional considerations have gone further than the constitutional doctrines alone would demand. This paper traces these developments and uses them to show the challenges that the Supreme Court of Canada has faced since 1990 in constructing a relationship between Canada’s constitutional arrangements and its private international law. The court has fashioned the constitutional doctrines as drivers of Canadian private international law but its own recent jurisprudence shows difficulties in managing that relationship. The piece concludes with lessons to be learned from the experience of the last 25 years.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.

Disclaimer: This summary was generated by AI based on the content of the source document.