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Linda C Neilson, 2017 CanLIIDocs 2
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Concentrating on Canadian experience, specifically litigation under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the ‘Charter’), this article seeks to reconcile the access to justice benefits of summary procedures with the government litigant's duty to act in the public interest (or as a ‘model litigant’) and uphold the rule of law. Though acknowledging the benefits that can result from the use of summary procedures to end litigation, the authors observe that compliance with strict requirements in procedural law are frequently dispensed with in the Charter context. In fact, summary procedures can have a devastating effect on the development of Charter rights. The authors ultimately posit that the government should have a duty of restraint in using summary procedures to end public law litigation, and courts should be reluctant to permit the government to preclude such litigation aimed at advancing the evolution of the Charter from reaching hearings on the merits.
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This article reflects on both the current operation and potential future application of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. In particular, it explores the significance of the ‘grave risk’ exception contained in Article 13(1)(b) for cases of alleged domestic violence. The deliberations of an international working group (of which the author is a member) tasked with developing a Guide to Good Practice on the interpretation and application of Article 13(1)(b) highlight some of the profound difficulties in finding a way forward on this important issue.
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Ashley Smith’s experience in the adult prison system flowed from certain of its systemic features. This article considers whether and how it is possible to reconcile the basic commitments of sentencing law, including the legal aims of punishment, with that systemic portrait. The youth court that ordered Smith’s transfer to adult custody relied upon an idealized conception of adult imprisonment, just as ordinary adult sentencing courts do. Judges purport to stipulate the severity of punishment, but tend not to consider how prison conditions will shape the severity of the sanction. Even where a particular defendant is likely to face unique difficulties in custody, courts tend to take notice in limited and rare ways. Smith’s experience in adult custody challenges us to more clearly identify, and to consider extending, doctrinal sentencing rules that represent a judicial concern with the effects and prospects of imprisonment in particular cases. , L’expérience vécue par Ashley Smith dans le système carcéral pour adultes témoigne de certaines caractéristiques de ce système. Le présent article tente d’établir, d’une part, s’il est possible d’harmoniser les engagements de base des lois régissant la détermination de la peine, y compris les visées légales des sanctions, au système carcéral et, d’autre part, comment arriver à une telle harmonisation entre ces lois et la réalité de ce système. Le tribunal de la jeunesse qui a ordonné le transfert d’Ashley Smith dans un établissement correctionnel pour adultes a eu recours à une conception idéalisée de la détention des adultes, une conception partagée par les tribunaux pour adultes. Les juges prétendent stipuler la sévérité de la peine sans toutefois tenir compte du fait que les conditions de détention accroissent la sévérité de la sanction. Même si un accusé est susceptible d’éprouver des difficultés particulières durant sa détention, les tribunaux ont peu tendance à le remarquer ou à en tenir compte. L’expérience de détention d’Ashley Smith dans un établissement correctionnel pour adultes lance le défi d’identifier plus précisément, voire d’élargir, la doctrine en matière de détermination de la peine témoignant d’une préoccupation judiciaire pour les effets de la détention dans certains cas particuliers.
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'In view of the implications of the Gladue and Ipeelee decisions for Canada's criminal justice system, this paper was designed to meet the following objectives: to provide a brief statistical overview on the overrepresentation of Indigenous persons in the Canadian correctional system, a summary of the legislative reforms that led to s. 718.2(e), and an overview of the court's interpretation in Gladue and Ipeelee; to analyze the key issues in the literature regarding the application of s. 718.2(e), and the Gladue and Ipeelee decisions in sentencing Indigenous individuals; to describe the justice system initiatives and programs that have been put in place to support the application of s. 718.2(e) in Canadian provinces and territories; and to summarize the studies on the experiences of members of the court system and Indigenous accused who have participated in Indigenous justice system initiatives"--Objectives, p. 5-6.
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The third edition of Kevin McGuinness's widely cited treatise on corporate law has been fully updated to take into account the significant degree of legislative development and the enormous expansion in the volume of case law which has occurred since the previous edition was published in 2007. The first volume centres on General Principles.
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