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Has French law abandoned the concept of « cause » ? That is the impression one might have on reading the new provisions of the Civil Code, introduced by the Ordonnance of 10 February 2016, and certain commentaries. Accused of being a source of deviance and misunderstanding, the « cause » had to be eradicated, it was said, so that clarity, security and attractiveness of the Code be restored. A closer look, however, shows how far from reality this much-told fable actually is. Two sets of factors bear witness to the perennity of the « cause » in the new law. Firstly, the vast majority of previous « cause »-based solutions are taken up by new provisions. The « cause » remains but its presence is masked by a new designation (« motive » or « purpose », for example). Secondly, there are situations where, in a quest for coherence or in order to fill a gap, a « cause »-based reasoning will prevail exactly as it did before the reform. When all is said and done, it is a strange reform that removes the name while allowing the substance to remain.
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A review of recent jurisprudence and doctrine points to the emergence of a new category of contractual obligation : the essential obligation. An array of texts, more numerous in France than in Québec, highlights and attempts to define the notion. Nevertheless, because of the quantitative and qualitative importance of the elements that characterize each proposed doctrinal definition, none is truly satisfactory. We have no choice but to admit that the number of concerns and criticisms raised in connection with the notion make it difficult to circumscribe its actual meaning. In this article, after setting out some doctrinal definitions and the main uncertainties surrounding the notion, we will try to uncover its true meaning by reviewing the ways in which it is used. We will show that the essential obligation has earned a place in the increasingly broad and specialized set of restrictions on contractual freedom.
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Stéphanie Ghozlan, 2015 49-2 Revue juridique Thémis de l'Université de Montréal 399, 2015 CanLIIDocs 4942
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The Supreme Court's influence on the law of the Civil Code ofLower Canada was so determining that it demonstrates that jurisprudence can be a true source of law. In the reform of the Civil Code, not all holdings of the Court were followed by the legislature, but the majority, and the most significant ones were codified. The dark era of the systematic «uniformisation» of Quebec law with the common law is over, nowadays the Court's approach to the civil law is enriched by well-conceived and respectful comparative law. This is yet another reason to regret that so few civil law decisions are handed down by the Court.
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«Le Code civil du Québec étant en vigueur depuis près de 20 ans, la jurisprudence et la doctrine interprétant les dispositions du code sont maintenant très abondantes. Par ailleurs, ayant été responsable à l’Université Laval du cours portant sur la vente, le louage et le contrat d’entreprise et de services pendant plus de 30 ans, cet ouvrage a pour but de fournir aux étudiants un ouvrage leur permettant non seulement d’apprendre les rudiments de ces matières mais encore d’y réfléchir en faisant les liens appropriés avec les autres domaines du droit ayant unimpact sur l’application du droit des contrats. Le volume leur permet aussi de compléter leurs informations par des références à la jurisprudence et à la doctrine récentes, ou aux décisions plus anciennes rendues sous l’ancien code, qui conservent leur pertinence. Observons que contrairement au Code civil du Bas Canada, le Code civil du Québec, ne reprend pas toujours dans les chapitres consacrés à la vente, au louage ou au contrat d’entreprise, les règles importantes du droit général des obligations. Il faut donc être en mesure d’établir les liens qui s’imposent. D’autre part, l’exercice des recours prévus par ces différents contrats fait appel au Code de procédure civile et au droit administratif. Mentionnons seulement ici la Régie du logement, ou les règles régissant la formation des contrats d’entreprise pour la construction d’ouvrages immobiliers, avec les gouvernements et les municipalités. Le présent ouvrage est à la fois théorique et pratique. Il est théorique car il expose les principes du droit, mais il est aussi pratique car il attire l’attention sur les clauses contractuelles opportunes et les allégations et conclusions des actes de procédure destinés à permettre aux parties de faire valoir leurs droits. !fauteur espère que cet ouvrage sera utile non seulement aux étudiants pendant leurs études, mais aussi après, quand ils exerceront leur profession. C’est d’ailleurs à leur intention qu’ont été fournies les abondantes références jurisprudentielles et doctrinales dans les notes infrapaginales.»-- Résumé de l'éditeur
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The critical evaluation of the High Court's decision in Crimmins v Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee in the conceptual context of the public/private law dichotomy is discussed. The public/private law dichotomy is a formalistic distinction which belies the fact that there are overlaps in public and private law and that all law is in fact guided by considerations of public policy.
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