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'In view of the implications of the Gladue and Ipeelee decisions for Canada's criminal justice system, this paper was designed to meet the following objectives: to provide a brief statistical overview on the overrepresentation of Indigenous persons in the Canadian correctional system, a summary of the legislative reforms that led to s. 718.2(e), and an overview of the court's interpretation in Gladue and Ipeelee; to analyze the key issues in the literature regarding the application of s. 718.2(e), and the Gladue and Ipeelee decisions in sentencing Indigenous individuals; to describe the justice system initiatives and programs that have been put in place to support the application of s. 718.2(e) in Canadian provinces and territories; and to summarize the studies on the experiences of members of the court system and Indigenous accused who have participated in Indigenous justice system initiatives"--Objectives, p. 5-6.