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Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools' former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission's final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939 places Canada's residential school system in the historical context of European campaigns to colonize and convert Indigenous people throughout the world. In post-Confederation Canada, the government adopted what amounted to a policy of cultural genocide: suppressing spiritual practices, disrupting traditional economies, and imposing new forms of government. Residential schooling quickly became a central element in this policy. The destructive intent of the schools was compounded by chronic underfunding and ongoing conflict between the federal government and the church missionary societies that had been given responsibility for their day-to-day operation. A failure of leadership and resources meant that the schools failed to control the tuberculosis crisis that gripped the schools for much of this period. Alarmed by high death rates, Aboriginal parents often refused to send their children to the schools, leading the government adopt ever more coercive attendance regulations. While parents became subject to ever more punitive regulations, the government did little to regulate discipline, diet, fire safety, or sanitation at the schools. By the period's end the government was presiding over a nation-wide series of firetraps that had no clear educational goals and were economically dependent on the unpaid labour of underfed and often sickly children.
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Presents the report of a special advisory group formed to assess the roles & functions of the Canadian military police, including the independence & integrity of the investigative process, against the delivery of effective police services to the Canadian Forces and the Dept. of National Defence. Work of the group included technical briefings, public hearings, examination of written submissions, interviews with Forces members, and round table discussions. The introduction provides background on the military justice system and evaluates possible reforms. Part 2 focuses on the relevant institutional framework, including the Judge Advocate General, the military police, and the investigative process leading to the laying of a charge. Part 3 deals with the hearing process that follows laying of a charge, and analyzes the two forms of hearings available: the summary trial and the court martial. Part 4 concerns the review process of decisions & actions taken from the investigation stage to the disposition of an alleged offence by a service tribunal. It also considers the establishment of an independent oversight mechanism for the Canadian Forces. The final part contains a consolidated list of specific recommendations for reform.
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"Over the past decade, the Government of Canada has tabled various iterations of so called lawful access legislation. The latest one identified six specific elements of subscriber information which would be made available to law enforcement and national security authorities without prior judicial authorization ... This document presents findings from a technical analysis conducted by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) examining the privacy implications of subscriber information elements which are not found in a phone book: email address, mobile phone number and Internet Protocol (or IP) address"--Introduction.
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